Regular physical activity can support recovery, improve everyday functioning, and contribute to long-term well-being after cancer treatment.

However, a large U.S. study has found that adults with a history of cancer are generally less active than people who have never received a cancer diagnosis.

What the Research Revealed

Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis analyzed national health survey data covering more than two million U.S. adults between 2018 and 2024. Published in AJPM Focus, the study examined changes in physical activity among adults with and without a cancer history.

The results showed that activity levels increased in both groups over the study period, although the improvement was not equally distributed. Among cancer survivors, the proportion reporting physical activity rose from 67.1% in 2018 to 71.6% in 2024. Among adults without a cancer history, the corresponding figure increased from 76.3% to 78.3%.

Despite the progress, survivors remained less active overall. After statistical adjustments, a history of cancer was associated with a 3.8-percentage-point lower prevalence of physical activity. Interestingly, the proportion meeting recommended aerobic activity guidelines was similar between the groups. This suggests that the overall difference was partly driven by the greater number of survivors reporting no physical activity at all.

Why Staying Active Can Be Difficult

Returning to physical activity after cancer treatment is not always straightforward. Treatment-related exhaustion, reduced strength, discomfort, sleep difficulties, and changes in physical ability can make familiar activities more challenging. Some survivors may also feel uncertain about how much exercise is appropriate, particularly after surgery or prolonged treatment. Without clear professional guidance, concerns about safety may discourage participation even when gentle movement is suitable.

These challenges vary considerably between individuals. Someone who previously exercised regularly may need a gradual return to training, while another person may benefit from starting with brief walks or simple movements at home.

The study examined broad population trends rather than identifying every reason for inactivity. Therefore, its findings cannot determine whether treatment effects, access to exercise facilities, personal circumstances, or other factors explain the differences. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate the need to consider physical activity as an ongoing part of survivorship care.

Expert Insight

Amy Eyler, a professor at the Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis and a co-author of the study, emphasized the value of movement after diagnosis. Eyler stated: “Regular physical activity is important to everyone, but even more so for cancer survivors.”

Small Steps Can Make a Difference

Beginning with realistic goals can make physical activity easier to maintain. Short walks, gentle stretching, household tasks, and simple balance exercises may provide suitable starting points for people who have been inactive. As strength and confidence improve, some survivors may gradually increase the duration or intensity of their activities. Others may need ongoing adjustments according to their symptoms and medical needs.

How Healthcare Teams and Families Can Help

Healthcare professionals can encourage activity by discussing exercise during follow-up appointments and providing clear, evidence-based advice. Referrals to rehabilitation services or exercise specialists may help survivors manage limitations and progress safely. Family members and friends can also offer practical encouragement. Walking together, arranging regular activity sessions, or helping with transportation to supervised programs may reduce common barriers.

The findings highlight the importance of individualized exercise plans, accessible guidance, and consistent encouragement. Physical activity does not need to begin with demanding workouts. With appropriate professional advice and realistic goals, survivors can find practical ways to incorporate movement into daily life and support long-term health.